A. A personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:

• Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, otherpeople, and events).

• Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response).

• Interpersonalfunctioning.

• Impulsecontrol.

B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.

C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.

E. The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder.

F. The enduring pattern is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., head trauma).

Clusters

The personality disorders are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive similarities. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear odd or eccentric. Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear anxious or fearful. It should be noted that this clustering system, although useful in some research and educational situations, has serious limitations and has not been consistently validated.

Complete list of currently recognized personality disorders:

• Paranoid personality disorder
  a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent.

• Schizoid personality disorder
  a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

• Schizotypal personality disorder
  a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.

• Antisocial personality disorder
  a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

• Borderline personality disorder
  a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.

• Histrionic personality disorder
  a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

• Narcissistic personality disorder
  a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

• Avoidant personality disorder
  a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

• Dependent personality disorder
  a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of.

• Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
  a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

• Personality change due to another medical condition
  a persistent personality disturbance that is judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of a medical condition (e.g., frontal lobe lesion).

• Other specified personality disorder and unspecified personality disorder
  a category provided for two situations: 1) the individual’s personality pattern meets the general criteria for a personality disorder, and traits of several different personality disorders are present, but the criteria for any specific personality disorder are not met. 2) the individual’s personality pattern meets the general criteria for a personality disorder, but the individual is considered to have a personality disorder that is not included in the DSM-5 classification (e.g., passive-aggressive personality disorder). Unspecified personality disorder is for presentations in which symptoms characteristic of a personality disorder are present but there is insufficient information to make a more specific diagnosis.